Inorganic or synthetic organic materials of a concentrated nature which include one or much more plant nutrients in soluble and rapidly obtainable forms are identified as Chemical Fertilizers.

Depending on the nutrient content, Fertilizers can be divided into two key categories called straight fertilizers and complex fertilizers. Straight fertilizers include only one main plant nutrient and the complex fertilizers include two or much more plant nutrients of which main nutrients are in chemical combination.

Being concentrated has the benefit of smaller bulk with resultant economy. Ease in storage, transport and handling are some more advantages and the application could be adjusted to supply the exact proportions of nutrients required by several crops grown in soils of varying fertility.

There are four major classes of Chemical Fertilizers – Nitrogenous, Phosphatic, Potassic and Complex.

Nitrogenous fertilizers are recently originated. With the growing awareness if optimum yields are to be achieved, it is necessary to supply a fixed amount of nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers became attractive in terms of cost with the break – by way of in retaining strategies of natural gas and Hydrogen – Nitrogen synthesis. Nitrogen fertilizers are classified into four groups based on the chemical form in which Nitrogen is present. Ammonical fertilizers contain ammonium ions, Nitrate fertilizers include nitrate ions, Amide fertilizers contain Amide group and there is combined Ammonical and Nitrate fertilizers.

Phosphatic fertilizers had been used in early days as ground animal bones. Specific grades had been produced such as single super phosphates (SSP) and Triple super phosphates (TSP) but Ammonium phosphate has overtaken super phosphates. Developing countries are employing more phosphate fertilizers.

In the course of early days potash nutrients were utilised to crops in the forms of wood ash, sugar beet wastes and salt peter without having knowing the ingredient. Later on higher grade commercial products had been developed Potassium chloride being the principal product. Potassium chloride is fully water soluble and when applied to soil potassium ions are absorbed and retained by soil colloids. This fertilizer has a neutral effect on soil and for crops whose top quality is affected by chloride ions potassium sulphate is suggested. When applied to soil, potassium ions are absorbed by colloids and there will be no acidity or alkalinity.

Sixteen nutrient elements are recognized as vital to plants for their regular growth and development. Thirteen is obtained from soil for their typical growth. Continues cropping in the identical piece of land will deplete the soil of these elements and result in lower crop yields if not artificially restored.

The progress of Chemistry during the final century contributed much to understanding the effects of chemical inputs in agriculture in the form of Chemical fertilizers and the broad principals of modern day fertilizer market was laid down by Liebig in the nineteenth century.

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